Economic history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial history - Assignment Example The voracious mission for some, benefits required the contribution of numerous specialists and broad work division. Implying that representatives could work in various areas, unknown to one another, with the point of delivering different parts for a similar product. This prompted every maker building up a feeling of seclusion and depression, which at long last meant makers rising as proud. This condition of selfishness prompted a characteristic condition of war with each battling exclusively against a bunch others. Be that as it may, this condition of war must be controlled if there were a focal gathering which each maker would submit to and thusly gain security from the rest makers. This was clarified by Hobbes in his composing where he focused on that it was simply after accommodation to an outright ruler that people would get away from the contention existing among them. Financial specialization, then again, clarified the conjunction of various makers in the market framework to enable each other to endure. There was finished reliance on one another for fruitful working of the market. Financial specialization was significant as it accommodated a generally free working business sector where makers helped each other produce and thusly advantage (Hunt 128). Work and financial specialization repudiate each other in that for the previous, makers worked in disconnection that incited a sentiment of rivalry among one another. For the last mentioned, notwithstanding, makers work to profit one another. There is no single maker that can exist without the other. All in all, people want to accomplish delight however maintain a strategic distance from torment with his inclination being serious and vain. Specialization of work is intended to amplify benefits and accelerate creation in any market framework. At the point when makers are left to work free, there is the improvement of an

The Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki History Essay

The Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki History Essay Presentation Americas choice to utilize two nuclear bombs on the Japanese urban areas of Hiroshima and Nagasaki toward the finish of World War II has been a subject of exceptional discussion for a considerable length of time following the episode. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are one of best archived authentic occasions ever, while inciting enduring, intensely warmed responses. The reason for this exploration paper is to investigate the occasions of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, inspect the causes, translations and outcomes of the bombings. History of Hiroshima The early history of Hiroshima goes back to the sixth century, when a portion of the principal Shinto Shrines were raised on Hiroshima straight (Cameron, 2005). Current Hiroshima, which means wide island, was established in 1589 (Cameron, 2005). The citys numerous trenches and wharves made bringing in merchandise from the field simple, while its extensions associated all pieces of the developing city. Hiroshima had become such a significant base for the Japanese military that the Imperial Headquarters were briefly migrated there. Summer 1945 The timespan is summer of 1945, the United States and its partners have been at war with Germany and simply closed harmony (Mishler, 2008). The United States has likewise been at war with Imperial Japan since the assault on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941(Mishler, 2008). Over the span of the war in Japan, America had a significant choice to make. One of the alternatives was to drop a recently tried bomb on the Japanese wanting to get them to quickly give up. Â The last choice was to have a mass land intrusion on Japan and want to crush with all out power. Regardless of what choice was chosen, it was realized that a significant measure of losses would result. At the point when President Roosevelt kicked the bucket on April 12, 1945, Vice President Harry S. Truman became president (Constitutional Rights Foundation). Right now, President Truman endeavored to fill the detect that President Roosevelt involved for a long time. Truman was pushed into a job that he was not really arranged for and into an organization that had been working basically without his information (Kort, 2007). Tragically, Roosevelt had never remembered his VP for conversations about the nuclear bomb. Fourteen days subsequent to turning out to be president, he was at last completely advised about the contraption, as General Groves called the bomb (Constitutional Rights Foundation). Secretary of War Stimson played the essential job of filling in President Truman on the subtleties of the Manhattan Project, which Truman had thought nothing about (Kort, 2007). As indicated by Kort (2007), the Manhattan Project was driven by an assortment of logical disclosures during the 1920s and 1930s. During this season of logical advancement, Hitler had been consistently ascending to control in Germany, and after a short time, physicist Leo Szilard and individual Hungarians Eugene Wigner and Edward Teller got stressed (Kort, 2007).â They concluded that the President of the United States must be educated about the new parting innovation that had been found, which they accepted was fit for making bombs.â The three physicists enrolled the assistance of Albert Einstein, the preeminent researcher in that period, and together they drafted a letter routed to President Roosevelt (Kort, 2007). Albert Einsteins acclaimed 1939 letter, drafted by physicist Leo Szilard (who was named Humanist of the Year about twenty years after the fact), persuaded President Roosevelt to begin the Manhattan Project, depicting their convictions that atomic parting Would prompt the development of bombs, and it is possible that amazingly incredible bombs of another sort may along these lines be built (Milam, 2010). The blend of Frances tumble to Germany in 1940, the conviction that Germany was ahead in the race for the nuclear bomb, and the besieging of Pearl Harbor before long impacted Roosevelt that something more must be done on this nuclear research (Kort, 2007).â Roosevelt immediately doled out his top security counselors to frame panels on this venture, and to figure out what ought to be done and how. Before the finish of 1942, bomb look into had become bomb get together, and the Manhattan Project was currently run by the military (Milam, 2010). The Bombing Henry L. Stimson, the secretary of war from 1940 to 1945, would impact President Trumans significant choice on whether to attack or bomb Japan (Sherwin, 1995). On the morning of August 6, 1945, the United States U.S. Armed force Air Forces B-29 Enola Gay dropped a uranium firearm type gadget code named Little Boy on the city of Hiroshima (Military History, 2009). There were somewhere in the range of 350,000 individuals living in Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945. Roughly 140,000 passed on that day and in the five months that followed (Military History, 2009). Darkened, bloodied, skinless masses of bodies were skimming in grotesque situations in the Kyuohotagawa and the Motoyasugawa streams. Long queues of rearranging figuresclothes consumed directly off the body; hair remaining on end or seared off the scalp; skin stripping and trickling off arms, legs, backs; hands outstretched, zombie-likewere all meandering indiscriminately after the besieging (Military History, 2009). This ghas tly scene was happened in absolute haziness, for the mushroom cloud, that bearer of dark downpour and industrious passing, had transformed day into night and present day innovation into humanitys most prominent enemy (Military History, 2009). As indicated by Cameron (2005), after the Bombing of Hiroshima, President Truman gave this announcement regarding the utilization of another weapon and promising the accompanying: On the off chance that they don't currently acknowledge our terms, they may anticipate a downpour of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this planet. Behind this air assault will follow ocean and land powers in such numbers and force as they have not yet observed and with the battling ability of which they are as of now very much aware and force as they have not yet observed and with the battling expertise of which they are as of now very much aware. The Emperor didn't react and after three days, the B-29 Bockscar levels a lot of Nagasaki with a plutonium implosion type gadget code named Fat Man (Military History, 2009). Its evaluated that the second bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9 asserted another 80,000 lives (Military History, 2009). That day, the Soviet Union proclaimed war on Japan. Hirohito said that proceeding with the war must mean annihilation for the country. He at that point proclaimed that Japan must acknowledge give up (Constitutional Rights Foundation). Translations There are different perspectives identified with the utilization of the nuclear bombs and their defense. The atomic assaults on Japan were advocated with an end goal to win the war with the least setbacks conceivable. Some accept that since Japanese troopers were known for their horrible battling styles, the intrusion of Japan would have prompted American setbacks in the several thousands or possibly millions (OConnor, 2010). Extra clarifications incorporate that the US spent right around 2 billion dollars building up the bombs and those costs should have been advocated (OConnor, 2010). In any event, for their quick destruction, the Hiroshima and the Nagasaki bombs were amazingly wasteful. Just one of the fifty kilograms of uranium present exploded in Little Boy the friendly epithet given to that weapon of mass devastation by those mindful (Milam, 2010). Hiroshima could have been considerably more stunning than it was on the off chance that one dares envision. All things considered, the best personalities on the planet were hotly chipping away at these tasks (Milam, 2010). Unexpectedly, Einstein later turned into a harmony lobbyist and days before his demise marked Bertrand Russells 1955 Russell-Einstein Manifesto alongside ten other regarded researchers and erudite people (Milam, 2010). It starts with the words: In the terrible circumstance which goes up against humankind, we feel that researchers ought to gather in meeting to assess the hazards that have emerged because of the advancement of weapons of mass devastation. It closes with the oft-rehashed express: We request as people to individuals: Remember your humankind, and overlook the rest (Milam, 2010). Secretary of war, Stimson, later uncovered that the choice to utilize the nuclear bomb was partially planned to fulfill the questions of that somewhat troublesome class of network which will have charge of the instruction of the people to come, specifically instructors and students of history (Sherwin, 1995). He additionally composed that the sole inspiration was to spare American lives by completion the war as fast as could reasonably be expected (Sherwin, 1995). What he neglected to examine were the Japanese messages caught by United States military insight demonstrating that the Japanese had been attempting to give up restrictively since June of 1945 (Sherwin, 1945). Results The impacts of the bombings were enormous on all levels. The lives of the Japanese were everlastingly influenced. Tsutomu Yamaguchi, at that point a 29-year-old boat engineer with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, was strolling to the organization shipyard in Hiroshima when Little Boy, the universes first vital nuclear bomb, exploded in midair under 2 miles away (Military History, 2009). The impact thumped him oblivious, burst his left eardrum and consumed his upper middle. After three days, back home in Nagasaki, Yamaguchi was relating his story to a wary supervisor when Fat Man, the second vital nuclear bomb, detonated over that city, likewise under 2 miles away (Military History, 2009). The stun wave thumped the two men to the floor and removed Yamaguchis gauzes (Military History, 2009). The architect went through over 10 years recouping from his physical wounds. His significant other and newborn child got away from the Nagasaki blast with minor injuries, yet the family was tormented b y unexpected weakness. His child kicked the bucket of malignant growth in 2005 at age 59 (Military History, 2009). Yamaguchi is presently officially perceived as a twofold hibakusha (blast influenced individual) and has become a vocal advocate of atomic demilitarization (Military History, 2009). The explanation that I despise the nuclear bomb

you cant come to us, so well come to you virtually COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

you cant come to us, so well come to you virtually COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog As I mentioned in an earlier post, one of the best parts of our job in Admissions is meeting new and interesting people who want to make a difference in the world.     People make the trip to visit us in New York   or find us on the road when we are touring the country and parts of the world in the fall.   But not everyone can come to New York and we, unfortunately, cant travel to every city in the world, so lets meet online. We are hosting a virtual information session for our two-year full time Master of International Affairs and Master of Public Administration programs on Wednesday, September 26th at 10:00 AM EDT.   Unfortunately, you wont be able to see us since we wont have video capability yet but youll hear us talk about the program, what we look for in an application, and financial aid options.   Of course, well also be available to answer your questions.   So register and join us next week for a one hour session from anywhere around the world.   See you online!

Doing Business In China Summary - 1605 Words

Prior to reading the Harvard Business Review on Doing Business in China, I assumed that business was a universal thing around the world. I assumed that business was the same in all countries. I assumed that every country had the same end goals when it came to business. As a result, I assumed that all countries followed a similar template for how business negotiations work. I was under the assumption that business was all about numbers and money; I didn’t expect to see so much energy focused on creating relationships. I originally assumed China was a very strict and numbers based country when it came to business. In my mind, China was this giant country where everything is made and manufactured at a lower price. As a result, I assumed that†¦show more content†¦As a result, Pepsi Co. has struggled to survive in the Chinese market. Pepsi Co.’s equivalent to Sprite, 7Up, has not been met by the acceptance that Sprite received. Sales of Pepsi to 7Up have a ratio of 4:1 (Harvard Business Review on Doing Business in China). Ultimately telling us that Pepsi has been unsuccessful at selling this product (In China, Coke Fights to Stay Ahead of Pepsi). From reading about this, I have learned that it is critical that you understand you market in order to be successful. This lesson that I learned is one that will help me in many of my future classes. I look forward to traveling to China and observing peoples drink choices to see whether Coca-Cola is actually more common than Pepsi. One of my favorite parts of this book was learning about how advertising differs in China. In America, advertising is flashy. Many advertisements feature celebrities in hopes of gaining consumers attention. Americans buy products they see celebrities using in hopes of becoming more like the famous people they see using the products. This is very different from advertising in China. In China, ads place a large focus on the facts. Product advertisements include the features and specifications of a product. People in China want to know what the product is, how it is used and how it works. There is less of an emphasis on trying to make a products look â€Å"cool† instead the goal is to show the product and help it gainShow MoreRelatedBus 421 Final Essays1220 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Schemelia Executive Summary Case Scenario # 1 Given the increasing regulations of the Internet and email by the Government of China, recommend to the CEO of Google whether the company should continue to operate in China, the world’s fastest and among the largest growth markets. Google should definitely continue operations in China, even if it means limiting the amount of information that is disseminated to Google China. 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Venezuela’s Declaration of Independence in 1810

The republic of Venezuela celebrates its independence from Spain on two different dates: April 19, when an initial declaration of semi-independence from Spain was signed in 1810, and July 5, when a more definitive break was signed in 1811. April 19 is known as â€Å"Firma Acta de la Independencia† or â€Å"Signing of the Act of Independence.† Napoleon Invades Spain The first years of the nineteenth century were turbulent ones in Europe, particularly in Spain. In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain and put his brother Joseph on the throne, throwing Spain and its colonies into chaos. Many Spanish colonies, still loyal to the deposed King Ferdinand, did not know how to react to the new ruler. Some cities and regions opted for a limited independence: they would take care of their own affairs until such time as Ferdinand was restored. Venezuela: Ready for Independence Venezuela was ripe for Independence long before other South American regions. Venezuelan Patriot Francisco de Miranda, a former general in the French Revolution, led a failed attempt to start a revolution in Venezuela in 1806, but many approved of his actions. Young firebrand leaders like Simà ³n Bolà ­var and Josà © Fà ©lix Ribas were actively speaking of making a clean break from Spain. The example of the American Revolution was fresh in the minds of these young patriots, who wanted freedom and their own republic. Napoleonic Spain and the Colonies In January of 1809, a representative of the Joseph Bonaparte government arrived in Caracas and demanded that taxes continue to be paid and that the colony recognize Joseph as their monarch. Caracas, predictably, exploded: people took to the streets declaring loyalty to Ferdinand. A ruling junta was proclaimed and Juan de Las Casas, the Captain-General of Venezuela, was deposed. When news reached Caracas that a loyalist Spanish government had been set up in Seville in defiance of Napoleon, things cooled down for a while and Las Casas was able to re-establish control. April 19, 1810 On April 17, 1810, however, news reached Caracas that the government loyal to Ferdinand had been crushed by Napoleon. The city erupted into chaos once more. Patriots who favored full independence and royalists loyal to Ferdinand could agree on one thing: they would not tolerate French rule. On April 19, Creole patriots confronted the new Captain-General Vicente Emparà ¡n and demanded self-rule. Emparà ¡n was stripped of authority and sent back to Spain. Josà © Fà ©lix Ribas, a wealthy young patriot, rode through Caracas, exhorting Creole leaders to come to the meeting taking place in the council chambers. Provisional Independence The elite of Caracas agreed on a provisional independence from Spain: they were rebelling against Joseph Bonaparte, not the Spanish crown, and would mind their own affairs until Ferdinand VII was restored. Still, they made some quick decisions: they outlawed slavery, exempted Indians from paying tribute, reduced or removed trade barriers, and decided to send envoys to the United States and Britain. Wealthy young nobleman Simà ³n Bolà ­var financed the mission to London. Legacy of the April 19 Movement The result of the Act of Independence was immediate. All over Venezuela, cities and towns decided either to follow Caracas lead or not: many cities chose to remain under Spanish rule. This led to fighting and a de facto Civil War in Venezuela. A Congress was called in early 1811 to solve the bitter fighting among Venezuelans. Although it was nominally loyal to Ferdinand - the official name of the ruling junta was Junta of conservation of the rights of Ferdinand VII - the government of Caracas was, in fact, quite independent. It refused to recognize the Spanish shadow government that was loyal to Ferdinand, and many Spanish officers, bureaucrats, and judges were sent back to Spain along with Emparà ¡n. Meanwhile, exiled patriot leader Francisco de Miranda returned, and young radicals such as Simà ³n Bolà ­var, who favored unconditional independence, gained influence. On July 5, 1811, the ruling junta voted in favor of complete Independence from Spain - their self-rule was no longer dependent on the state of the Spanish king. Thus was born the ​First Venezuelan Republic, doomed to die in 1812 after a disastrous earthquake and relentless military pressure from royalist forces. The April 19 pronouncement was not the first of its kind in Latin America: the city of Quito had made a similar pronouncement in August of 1809. Still, the independence of Caracas had much longer lasting effects than that of Quito, which was quickly put down. It allowed the return of the charismatic Francisco de Miranda, vaulted Simà ³n Bolà ­var, Josà © Fà ©lix Ribas and other patriot leaders to fame, and set the stage for the true independence that followed. It also inadvertently caused the death of Simà ³n Bolà ­vars brother Juan Vicente, who died in a shipwreck while returning from a diplomatic mission to the USA in 1811. Sources: Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000. Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986. Lynch, John. Simon Bolivar: A Life. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006.

BF_case Free Essays

In order to get feedback on their best Investment bets to verse industry’ s steady decline and increase company’ s profits by 3% next year. Industry sales have been decreasing. Some categories, such as â€Å"dry soups†, â€Å"ready to serve broth†, â€Å"refrigerated soups†, â€Å"frozen soups† and â€Å"deli soups†, are growing. We will write a custom essay sample on BF_case or any similar topic only for you Order Now The declining trend of the industry relies essentially in decreasing sales of the two largest categories: â€Å"ready-to-serve wet soup† and â€Å"condensed wet soup†. The most profitable category Is the RET. Barbarian has 60% share of the RET market with RET ‘s soups and broths providing 78% of the dolls ‘s sales; 86% of Its profit. These mature products, however, are facing a decline In sales (1-2% per year In S, and 2-3% In volume). Nevertheless, Barbarian Is the market leader in this category and price increases over the last years had helped to keep profit declining as much as sales. Target products to baby boomer generation (largest and brand loyal segment); lead these changes in market trends that are being reflected in rapidly increasing sales of convenient categories; Maintain shelf-space and Increase partnerships with retailers. How to cite BF_case, Papers

Paper About New Product, Bount Essay Example For Students

Paper About New Product, Bount Essay Executive SummaryProctor Gamble will introduce the new Bounty Toilet Paper during the first week of December 1999. This brand of toilet paper will take the already established idea used with Bounty Paper Towels, and modify to the toilet paper world. Bounty has always stressed the idea of taking the least amount of the product, but still getting the job done while at same time consisting of a strong durability. Never before has such attributes of durability and effectiveness been used in a toilet paper brand, therefore PG hopes to establish Bounty Toilet Paper as a leader in the industry. Proctor Gamble understands the high competition that already exists in the toilet paper industry, but feel that new Bounty Toilet Paper will change how this industry is geared. In recent times, toilet paper producers have stressed comfort and style in the production of their products, but as the times have changed, the American public is now more interested in getting the job done in the shortest a mount of time with the smallest amount of the product. PG have produced Bounty Toilet Paper because of this change in the lifestyle of Americans. With this focus on effectiveness and durability, Bounty will go into the new Millennium leading the toilet paper world. Company BackgroundProctor and Gamble was founded in Cincinnati, OH, by William Proctor and James Gamble in 1837. Initially the company was started to compete with the 14 other soap and candle makers already established in Cincinnati, but around the end of the century, Proctor and Gamble dropped candle manufacturing altogether to focus on soap production. By 1890, Proctor and Gamble had increased their production to over 30 different types of soap. During 1911, Proctor and Gamble introduced Crisco, the first all-vegetable shortening, beginning what would be the first in a long line of different unrelated products the company would develop in the future. Such products include Tide washing detergent, Crest toothpaste, Charmin toilet paper, Pampers baby diapers, Folgers coffee, Bounce fabric softener, Pert Plus shampoo, and Bounty paper towels, just to name a few. With these products, and the more than thousand others, Proctor and Gamble leads the world in sales in almost all categories of household products. Sales hit the one million mark by 1859, roughly 22 years after the company was formed. Today, the company has reached sales in excess of over 30 billion, with this figure continuing to grow each and every year. Today, Proctor and Gamble is a truly global corporation. Since 1980, the company has quadrupled the number of consumers it can serve with its brands, which totals close to 5 billion people around the world. Proctor and Gamble now has operations in more than 70 countries and its products are sold in over 140 countries, making Proctor and Gamble one of the biggest and most successful consumer goods companies in the world. Product Description and Key BenefitsBounty Toilet Paper is the newest name in bathroom tissue. Made with the same quality as the original paper towels, Bounty Toilet Paper emphasizes practicality rather than prettiness. It is made with an unscented, three-ply, deeply corrugated tissue and does not depend on any flower or butterfly to attract potential consumers. This new design is made for people who are tired of constantly running out of toilet paper due to either poor quality tissue or small amount found on rolls. Bounty Toilet Paper is made with a patented design from years of research. This product boasts the same maximum absorbency that is found in Bounty Paper Towels because of its unheard of three-ply thickness. Each ply is twice as thick as the standard bathroom tissue ply. Because Bounty paper is so thick, a special plastic dispenser that hangs from any standard toilet paper roll holder is needed. These refillable dispensers are free with an initial purchase of the product. Another feature is the deep, lateral grooves in the tissue that provide maximum cleaning with minimal wiping. Since Bounty Toilet Paper is made with such tough cleansing power, an aloe vera lotion has been added to the paper to prevent possible chaffing. This revolutionary design in bathroom tissue is meant for anyone that stresses efficiency. It is perfect for outdoorsman, fast-paced careers, or anyone that needs the power of a lot of toilet paper, not a lot of toilet paper. Because of the already established name of Bounty in the paper towel world, the expectations of Bounty Toilet Paper will be high, with the product delivering satisfaction to all consumers. This is due in part to the success built into construction and usage of Bounty Paper Towels that will easily be catered into the toilet paper industry with our product. Description of Target MarketThe research team from Proctor Gamble that were used to develop Bounty Toilet Paper referred to the Simmons Market Research on Pr oducts and Users to pinpoint the target market for this product. After reviewing the figures found in the report, it was discovered that the target market for potential buyers is women between the ages of 18 and 49. Although this will serve as the target market, Bounty will not be limited to this small segmentation of the general public. Instead, Bounty Toilet Paper will be marketed to these women heavily, but at the same time it will also be marketed to many other demographics in an effort to meet the needs of more potential consumers. Our advertising strategy is to advertise using mediums that will reach our target market with the greatest reach, but more importantly with the highest frequency. According to Simmons Market Research, it will be to our advantage to use public television stations, along with cable television stations for advertising with our product with the greatest reach to the target market. This decision was made to advertise on the public stations of NBC, ABC, CBS, and Fox; while at the same time using the cable stations of USA, CNN, Lifetime, The Discovery Channel, and ESPN. We will advertise on these stations during the peak time for our target market, which was discovered to be early morning to mid afternoon. By targeting these stations at the particular times noted, we will have reached a variety of men, not only women. Another means we will use to reach our target audience will be the medium of magazines. Simmons Market Research shows that toilet paper buyers are heavy readers or many nation al magazines. The magazines that we will use to reach our target audience the most will be Better Homes and Gardens, Family Circle, Readers Digest, and Seventeen. We will also advertise in Mens Health, GQ, Outdoor Life, and Field and Stream, in efforts to reach a more broad audience outside of our target market. These are the different target groups and markets Bounty Toilet Paper plans on using in our pursuit to take over the toilet paper world. Buyer BehaviorConsumers will experience a low level of involvement in their decision to purchase Bounty Toilet Paper. We know as marketers that the price of a product relative to quality is extremely important in retaining customers and hopefully getting referred for such a high quality product. We know the price of an item has a direct correlation with the level of involvement or importance that a consumer will experience upon their decision to buy. We plan to offer hefty three ply toilet paper equal to two ply for the price of $0.99. The packaging of two rolls instead of four will be in order to gather consumers in a hurry and ones that want a quality product relative to their finances. This is extremely important for college students or newlyweds with tight budgets, both of which fall into our target market. Because of the low level of involvement and interest in our attempt to break through the clutter is the packaging of two rolls. This type of packaging will hopefully come off to the consumer as different from the rest and better suited to their needs. In this day and age people do not have the time to spend comparing different products, leading to consumers usually grabbing the first item that catches their attention. Our product will be accepted by various groups of consumers ranging from college kids, impulse buyers, impatient customers, and hopefully even families. Once our initial entrance into the toilet paper industry breaks through, we plan to offer larger quantities geared more toward families, but this will happen once word of mouth and trial show that we offer a high quality product at a low price. Competitive AnalysisCompetition plays a key role in the success or demise of most products that fit the low involvement category. The toilet paper industry is a constant battle for dominance with the vast number of products competing for the highest sales. Proctor Gamble is not new to this highly competitive market, nor or they new to the toilet paper industry. Currently PG is atop the sales list of toilet paper brands with their Charmin brand of toilet paper, but this may soon change. An Unexpected Gift EssayProctor Gamble plans to use an extensive Public Relations strategy in order to get the new Bounty Toilet Paper in the publics viewpoint. P;G will sponsor a week of programming for the late night talk shows The Late Show with David Letterman and Late Night with Conan OBrien. These shows were chosen based on their large television audience and also because of past affiliations the shows have shared with consumer products. During this week of programming, the shows will feature a variety of comedy sketches with Bounty Toilet Paper involved heavily in the story line. Also, the hosts, David Letterman and Conan OBrien, respectively, will throw out packages of the product, which will serve not only as attention to the product, but also stressing our key attribute of durability of the product. P;G feels that by using this television media with Bounty Toilet Paper, many potential consumers will be pushed more towards the trial of the product, therefore producing a P ublic Relations success story. Finally, Proctor ; Gamble will also incorporate various other support media in the process of getting the Bounty Toilet Paper brand image out to the public. These support media include billboards, inflatables, shopping carts, and transit advertising, to name a few. The billboards will use the same ads that will be featured in magazines, and will be located in all major markets. Large inflatables will accompany many of the booths placed in the front of retail stores. The inflatables will consist of a large package of Bounty Toilet Paper, with someone passing out free samples beside the inflatable. In all retail stores which carry the product, there will be small advertisements placed on the shopping carts, another means of reaching the potential consumers. Lastly, P;G will place large posters advertising the product in subways, along buses, and on bus stops in most major markets found across the United States. Objectives of IMC ToolsThere are five Integ rated Marketing Techniques that are used for introducing a new product, or product extension. The use of each technique is critical to the success achieved by introducing a new product. Proctor ; Gamble has used many extensive approaches to introducing new products in the past, and they will continue to do so for future products. The following are the main objectives that are going to be utilized in promoting and introducing Bounty Toilet Paper to the public. The first IMC Tool that will be implemented for Bounty Toilet Paper will be Direct Marketing. Proctor ; Gamble plans to use a new way of Direct Marketing in bringing this new product to the American public. P;G will place the new Bounty Toilet Paper in many restrooms around the nation in order to get all potential consumers to try this product. This will be a strong effort to get the trial of the product out of the way with the consumer never having to purchase the product in doing so. The most important IMC Tool that can be utilized in order to gain a successful market share is the use of Advertising. Advertising can be used to promote the consumer awareness of Proctor ; Gambles product extension from paper towels to the toilet paper market with this new product. Methods used for gaining attention include television commercials, magazine ads, radio commercials, and newspaper ads. The next IMC Tool Proctor Gamble will use to introduce new Bounty Toilet Paper is the use of Sales Prom otion. With a product line extension, Sales Promotions are needed a smaller role as compared to the introduction of a completely different product. Therefore, PG will take a small approach in the area of Sales Promotion with new Bounty Toilet Paper. The use of a bonus pack deal will be the single act of Sales Promotion used to introduce this product. Personal Selling is another IMC Tool that will be used for the introduction of this new product. With the large size of Proctor Gamble, Personal Selling seems almost obsolete, but there are still methods in which they must be done. PG plans to send memos to all regional managers for retailers carrying the new Bounty Toilet Paper. By doing this, PG hopes to place the product into the minds of all retailers so that they will know more about the product and its attributes. Publicity and Public Relations, the last of the five IMC Tools, run a linear path of similarity that will be used in the introduction of Bounty Toilet Paper. The main objective is to gain good recognition and reputation for producing a good product. This is very important since toilet paper is a love involvement item and the ultimate goal of any company is to establish widespread consumer loyalty. Synergy Among IMC ToolsIn order to achieve great success with the introduction of new Bounty Toilet Paper, Proctor Gamble must reach a synergy among the five Integrated Marketing Communication Tools. PG will initiate these tools first by placing several advertising ads a few weeks before the product hits the shelf of retail stores. Television and radio ads, along with magazine ads will be seen by potential consumers before they actually have the opportunity to buy the product. What this accomplishes is getting new Bounty Toilet Paper into the minds of potential consumers, thus creating the awareness that was intended from the ads. At the same time, memos will be sent out to all regional managers of the retail stores planning to carry the product. These memos will instruct the managers to inform all retail stores of the upcoming Bounty Toilet Paper. The day the product hits the shelf, PG will place a full page ad in the USA Today national newspaper, that will inform all consumers of the arrival of the product. At the same time, during this first week of introduction, the late night talk shows, The Late Show with David Letterman and Late Night with Conan OBrien, will be sponsored by Bounty Toilet Paper, with the product being used in various methods on the show. This will create even more awareness for all potential consumers to purchase the product. When consumers go out to purchase the product for themselves, they will find many booths located at the entrance of retail stores where Bounty Toilet Paper will be handed out as free samples. Also, upon entering the retail store and locating Bounty Toilet Paper on the store shelf, the consumer will find a bonus pack offer that consists of buy one pack, receive one free. Finally when the product is launched, P;G will place rolls of Bounty Toilet Paper in restrooms found in shopping malls and sports facilities across the country. Consumers will be presented with the opportunity to try the product for free and make the ir own evaluation of it using this Direct Marketing tactic. Overall, all IMC Tools should come together, placing the product into the view of all possible consumers. Budget AllocationPromotional expenditures for the product line extension of Bounty Toilet Paper is going to be very expensive. With Proctor ; Gamble already being a very well established company, executives are willing to put forth the money necessary to heavily promote this new product into the consumer market. P;G will promote Bounty Toilet Paper using all the tools in the Promotional Mix. The company will put 45% of its promotional budget toward an Advertising plan. Direct Marketing will be allowed 20% of the budget, considering that less money is needed for this tool than Advertising. Sales Promotions and Public Relations will both consist of 15% of the budget, for they are both equally important in the process of introducing this product. Finally, P;G will allocate the remaining 5% of the budget to Personal Selling, which may seem to be a small amount but will prove more than enough for this product. ConclusionProctor ; Gamble is confident that with the introduction of Bounty To ilet Paper they will continue to lead the toilet paper industry. At the same time, they feel that with this product, the way toilet paper is made in the future will be drastically changed. Because of the new approach P;G is taking with this product according to its durability and effectiveness, Bounty Toilet Paper will go on to be the leader in the toilet paper industry. With all the IMC Tools working together coherently, P;G plans to have new Bounty Toilet Paper as a household name within months. During this time, the wheels will be in motion for Bounty to take the toilet paper world by storm and just keep going;#8230;and going;#8230;and going.. and going

Strategic Plan

Introduction Instagram is a service that is quintessential to all companies and individuals in the globe. It offers its users online photo-sharing and social networking services, such that they can take photographs and apply digital filters to them (Tutaj Reijmersdal 7-15). Thereafter, they can share these pictures with their friends and colleagues in other social media sites like Twitter and Facebook.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Strategic Plan – Social Media in Women and Child Hospital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Our Women and Child Hospital plans to open an account in instagram in a bid to let people know about the activities of the hospital, its scholarship program, events as well as social activities. This paper presents a one-year strategic plan of the hospital’s account in the networking site. This is important for all people wishing to visit the hospital, as they can learn about it and its activities from the site. The hospital will also get feedback regarding its services from the site (Werner 17-20). Executive summary The Aim of This Plan With this plan, we intend to grow to a higher level, by increasing people’s awareness regarding our hospital. Mission Statement Providing accessible, affordable and comprehensive health-care services to the community which is: customer-focused and driven by high quality. We specialize in women and children services to deliver high quality healthcare to the two groups of individuals and the community at large, at a considerable cost. Vision Be the leading women and children hospital in the community, by providing quality healthcare at an affordable cost, be the most preferred employer of staff in the region and be the main system of choice for all our medical staff. Core Organizational Competencies Our key organizational competencies are good management, quality leadership and remarkable coordination. Core Values Integrity – we always act in an open manner and are truthful; in all that we do Accountability – we work with open staffs that are responsible for all their actions Collaboration – we work together in a cooperative manner, with the recognition that combined efforts achieve the institution’s goals faster than individual efforts Commitment – we are dedicated to serving our customers and providing excellence in all aspects Community – we recognize the health needs of our community and respect every individual’s needs Innovation – we are of the belief that new ideas and a good flow of information will lead to provision of better healthcare services Authors of the Plan This plan was developed by the hospital’s management team and administration, in conjunction with the hospital’s Board of Directors. The whole team identified twelve strategies to be accomplished through five pillars, in an effort to meet the ever-incre asing medical needs of the community.Advertising Looking for proposal on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Service Enhance clinical services Ensure better relations between the community and the government Enhance healthcare delivery by increasing physicians Expand the emergency department Quality Ensure patient safety Enhance customer care and build a quality focused team Scholarship Provide full scholarship to graduate students who perform well in their theoretical and practical examinations. Provide partly-catered for scholarship for medical students who do not do extremely well in their examination but are eager and willing to learn more in the medical world. Social Activities Enhance tours and travels for our medical staff on quarter-yearly basis Build good relationship with staffs through parties and celebration of their outstanding performance. Finance Develop strategic partnerships and joi nt ventures with donors, grantors, and the government. Build an aggressive cost-management program. Successful implementation of these strategies will help the company to achieve the following future goals: Short-term Goals Improve the health of the community members Reduce costs of healthcare Reduce the number of deaths arising from poor healthcare and misdiagnosis Long Term Goals Enhance value of the hospital through improvement of services and outcomes Provide a comprehensive program that provides services that meet the needs of women, children and the community at large Increase our revenue through addition of administrative programs which improve our financial position Reduce costs of operation Minimize the state’s financial burden An overview of the hospital Owners, directors and managers Brief history of the hospital Main activities New programs Location Past performance and major achievementsAdvertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Strategic Pla n – Social Media in Women and Child Hospital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Competitive strengths and weaknesses Market analysis Leading opportunities Barriers to quality healthcare provision Threats to quality healthcare Compliance requirements Vital success factors Services Current and future servicesAdvertising Looking for proposal on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Factors that give our services a competitive advantage Benefits of the services to customers Environmental and social impacts of the services Research and development Sources of data included in analysis for development of services Current and future research and development activities Processes incorporated to enhance innovations Supply chains Main suppliers of drugs and equipment Outsourcing Hospital systems and processes Quality management Regulatory compliance Financial management Risk management Employee performance of activities and morale Future plans and current innovations Board and management performance Information security and management Conclusion In the instagram account, we will explain all the strategies in place for achievement of our short-term and long-term goals. We will also include extensive information regarding our new scholarship programs. This will be done systematically through the following steps: Posting photographs of the hospital on the site Illustrat ing the site of the hospital by locating it on a map Sharing the information with bloggers in other social sites Urging instagram users to visit our account on a daily basis as we always have something new to offer Requesting users to share what they learn about our hospital with their friends. Works Cited Tutaj, Karolina, and Eva Reijmersdal. â€Å"Effects of Online Advertising Format and Persuasion Knowledge on Audience Reactions.† Journal of Marketing Communications 18.1 (2012): 5-18. Print. Werner, Mary. â€Å"The Effect of the Use of Online Advertising and Online Retailing on Marketing Strategy for Products.† Journal of American Academy of Business 18.2 (2013): 16-22. Print. This proposal on Strategic Plan – Social Media in Women and Child Hospital was written and submitted by user GorillaMan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Character Analysis of The Necklace

Essay on Character Analysis of The Necklace Essay on Character Analysis of The Necklace This is an example essay on character analysis of The Necklace: Guy de Maupassant narrative of The Necklace is chilly and has a cruel irony effect. The suffering set forth in the story seems to have been needless, due to the fact of misunderstanding and petty pride in Mr. and Mrs. Loisel. The craftsmanship of the story had been masterfully manipulated to where the revelation was held until the very end of the story. Characters in a story can be classified as â€Å"dynamic† or â€Å"static†. Dynamic characters are characters that change as the story progresses. That is, they recognize, change with, or adjust to circumstances. Static characters, which can also be described as â€Å"flat†, are characters that are not well developed and remain fairly unchanged throughout the story. Usually static characters have minor roles in a story (e.g. co-workers, friends, policeman, etc.). Mathilde Loisel, the main character in â€Å"The Necklace† seems to be a very dynamic character, although some of her moods appear to stay with her longer than others. Many of the things she had imagined often were not considered by other women of her social rank, such as worn-out chairs, curtains, and boiled beef for dinner, tortured and filled her with despair. (3) Feeling as though she had once deserved to marry better, but was unable to obtain a well to do husband she settled for a marriage with a minor clerk in the Ministry of Education. She is described as to have suffered ceaselessly, according to her daily description of her lifestyle. She would often ease her suffering of being in a drab house by visiting with her rich friend, Mrs. Forrestier. Mrs. Loisel had often dwelt upon her fantasies of a more elaborate life. Her desire to be of a higher status and to possess nice valuable trinkets seemed to poison her very nature. Mr. Loisel notice that his wife is not satisfied with her lifestyle. Seeing how she daydreams of living in luxury they cannot afford. He becomes excited as he carries an invitation to go too a formal dinner with the Ministry of Education. He had worked hard to get recognized for his efforts. Not too many clerks were invited to such an occasion. (6) Mrs. Loisel becomes upset because she has nothing elegant to wear for such an occasion. By forcing a few tears and sadly confronting her husband about her misfortunate state, she is able to convince him that she needs an expensive dress for a once in a lifetime event. Mrs. Loisel tells her husband she will need about 400 francs to purchase a dress worthy enough to get the attention of the other people at the dinner. The price was slightly more the he expected but gave her the money to purchase it from his next summer’s vacation fund. Continuing with the emotion of self-pity, she develops into a greedy individual. The dress is not en ough on its own, she will need an elaborate necklace to draw attention to herself. Mathilde is able to obtain a rather lovely necklace from Mrs. Forrestier who has large amount jewelry. The night of the party, Mrs. Loisel was prettier than anyone else, stylish, graceful, smiling, and wild with joy. (53) She enjoys the immense amount of attention she is receiving. Mrs. Loisel is so caught up in her own self-centeredness that she totally forgets about her husband. She cares for nothing, but the moment she is in. The party ends in the early morning hours and Mrs. Loisel wants to leave in a hurry. She wants the people she met at the party to remember her as was. She conceals her true identity because she is embarrassed for who she really is. In the midst of a returning home after a grand evening she notices she has lost a costly possession†¦the necklace!! Mr. and Mrs. Loisel look through her dress, shawl, pockets, and retraced all their steps from the party. (65) They worried and fretted about the lost necklace offering a reward for its return. They realize the inevitable situation they are in and have to replace the necklace. They went from jeweler to jeweler, searching for an indistinguishable replacement. (90) The replacement would cost 36,000 francs. Mr. Loisel had 18,000 francs left to him by his father. The other half would take three days to acquire from various loan companies and friends. Mrs. Loisel returns the necklace and does not tell Mrs. Forrestier that it’s not the same one that she borrowed. Mrs. Loisel now has to work, along with her husband working late hours. She takes a job as a servant, cleaning house, washing dishes, and other heavy housework. (99) She rents out a servant’s quarter and learns what its like to be among the working class. During this time she becomes somewhat practical. Now she has experienced what is really like to be the wife of a clerk. The debt would take 10 years to pay back. After the 10 years she finds Mrs. Forrestier walking with her child. She notices that she is youthful and attractive. Mrs. Forrestier hardly recognizes her and regards her as a lowly working class woman. (110) She tells Mrs. Forrestier that she has just finished paying off the necklace that she had borrowed for the dinner. Sadly, in the end after all she has put herself and her husband through, she finds out that it was really in vain. Mrs. Forrestier tells her if she had only told her years ago, she would have only paid about five hundred francs because it was only costume jewelry. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on The Necklace from our professional essay writing service.

Colour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colour - Essay Example This research investigates the complex meaning of the color red, considering the ways its meaning can vary amongst individuals, cultures, and subcultures. In examining the colour red, one of the most overarching considerations is establishing an epistemological framework between cultures. Friedman & Miyake (2004) investigated the extent language shapes human perception. This study primarily revealed that cultures with more complex vocabularies for designating colour subsequently perceived colour in different ways. In terms of red, this is significant as it is difficult to speak of a singular ‘red’ throughout world culture, but rather a series of approximating notions of ‘redness’ that are at best pragmatically linked. This notion of redness has assumed symbolic recognition in global society. One of the most prominent such instances is the notion of red as embodying revolutionary ideas, or more specifically socialism and communism. Earl (1996) examined this thematic implementation of red in a variety of 20th century social contexts. Undoubtedly influenced by the Red Star communist symbol, as well as the Russian semantic linkage between red and ‘beautiful’, red came to acquire such prominent symbolic properties that countries with communist regimes were even referred to as ‘red’ countries. This symbolism extended to specific social movements; for instance, the perceived intrusion of communism into the United Kingdom and United States was referred to as the Red Scare. While there is the distinct possibility that these political notions of redness were influenced by deeper human instinctual perceptions of red, the symbolic perception of red also varies across cultures. In this way, rather than ‘red’ purely embodying revolutionary ideology, the color also connotes passion and virility. For instance, from a comprehensive qualitative approach, red roses, hearts, or even candy harkens these essential qualities. Ball (2001, p. 43)

Pregnancy as it pertains to MRI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pregnancy as it pertains to MRI - Essay Example These particles produce signals due to Radio waves that are collected by a receiver within the scanner. These signals are characterized with the use of varying magnetic field and are further processed by a computer in order to create ultra sharp images of tissues in the form of "slices" that can be viewed in any plane and from any direction. The key advantage of MRI is that it causes no pain and the responsible magnetic fields cause no damage of any kind to human tissues. The MR scanner used may generate considerably loud tapping or knocking noises during the process but it can be prevented using earplugs. A patient can easily communicate with the technologist or radiologist at any instant with the use of an intercom. The magnetic field generated in the MR system is quite powerful and will attract Ferro-magnetic objects and can cause them to move suddenly and with a considerable force. Thus, there can be a risk to the person in the flight path of the object. Due to this reason, great care is taken and ferromagnetic objects like screwdrivers and oxygen tanks are not allowed into the MR system area. A patient is asked to remove all kind of metallic belongings like watches and jewelry before going for an MRI. The magnetic field of the MR system is of considerable magnitude and can pull on any iron-containing object in the body like medication pumps or aneurysm clips. Every MRI facility has a strict protocol that ensures that the MRI technologist and radiologist know about the presence of all metallic implants and materials so that special precautions can be taken. Sometimes, even the exam may have to be canceled. In case a bullet or other metallic fragments are present in the body, there is a risk that it could change position leading to an injury. A metallic implant can not only distort the MR images but also make it difficult for the MRI system to tune to your body. It is not possible to avoid it but allowance can be made while interpreting the images only if the radiologist is aware of their presence. Some MRI examines a gadolinium that may be injected into a vein in order to help the interpretation. a gadolinium is a contrast agent that does not contain iodine like those materials which are commonly used in x-ray process and hence rarely causes any problem or allergic reaction. Preparation for MRI The patient is asked to wear a special gown during the MRI study. The person (generally a friend or relative) accompanying you will be asked questions regarding the presence of implants and will be instructed to remove all metal objects from pockets and hair even before entering the room. A screening form is filled to ensure that the patient may safely enter

Study of the New York Accent

Study of the New York Accent Amanda Bjork Why Do They â€Å"Tawk† Like Dat? A Brief Study of the New York City Accent New York can easily be called the biggest collection of villages in the world, a melting pot of nearly all the world’s cultures in one small place. For years, the New York accent—from famous faces such as Rosie Perez to Spike Lee, Fran Drescher to Archie Bunker—has been studied, extolled and derided (Bortolot, 2011). New Yorkers keep their accents, wherever they originally may have come from, and the resulting sound(s) are what has come to constitute the globally recognized accent found in the unique â€Å"New York City English†. There are many different but recognizable characteristics and sounds that make up the famous accent. Many of which may have surprising origins, and many whose origins may never be known. Contrary to popular belief, in New York City, the origin and classification of accent has more ties to ethnicity than to a speaker’s specific geographic region (such as borough). Over the years and through the evolution of the New York acce nt, there have been many varying reactions and responses to it, from wearing it proudly to attempts at â€Å"un-learning† it altogether. The New York City accent is a variation of the English language that is spoken by many people in New York City and much of the surrounding metropolitan area. Pioneer American sociolinguist William Labov has done the most work on the specific subject and has described it as the most recognizable variety of sounds in American English. Overall, the New York accent is made up of all of the elements within the speaker and the city, and it has defined the language of New Yorkers for generations. First of all, to understand where the accent originated, we must be familiar with some of the characteristic sounds that may have gone previously unknown or unidentified as a New York characteristic. Based on years of research, American sociolinguist William Labov has concluded that the New York accent originated as a derivative of a British accent, specifically speakers from South London. But the many aspects of the accent have roots all over Europe. The New York accent is a non-rhotic accent, unlike most American accents, which simply means that the â€Å"r† is not usually pronounced, just as in most British varieties of English. There are sounds that we all recognize as part of the New York accent. Words and phrases such as â€Å"schtreet† (street), â€Å"yaw mutha† (your mother), and â€Å"waduh† (water) (Quinlan, 2013). The unique way that New Yorkers draw out their vowels is another important feature. New Yorkers are also guilty of the intrusive â₠¬Å"r†. When the â€Å"r’s† are dropped, New Yorkers will frequently put them back in where they don’t belong. For example, â€Å"Linda† may become â€Å"Linder† and there are phrases like â€Å"come heah and bring me a soder†. Another distinct, and possibly the most recognizable, sound from the New York accent is the â€Å"aw† sound, such as in â€Å"cawfee†, â€Å"tawk†, or â€Å"sawce† (coffee, talk, sauce). New Yorkers tend to broaden the vowel â€Å"a†, for example, saying â€Å"awe-ful† instead of â€Å"awful†. One may also hear (or not hear) a dropped â€Å"H† in New York speech, for example, â€Å"uge† instead of â€Å"huge† and â€Å"uman† instead of â€Å"human†. The New York accent sometimes features â€Å"TH† pronounced as if it were a singular â€Å"T† or a â€Å"D†, wherein a word such as â€Å"pathmark† becomes â€Å"pat-mark†, or â€Å"dese† and â€Å"dose† for â€Å"these† and â€Å"those†. The only immigrant language that had the â€Å"th† sound in it was Greek, meaning all the other travelers to the New World had a hard time pronouncing the sound. Another interesting aspect of the accent is the fact that New York vowels can change from one sound to another during pronunciation. These changing vowels are called diphthongs. This is believed to be part of the Irish influence on the accent, as the Irish frequently switch the diphthong â€Å"OI† with â€Å"ER† or â€Å"IR†. Two of the most popular and recognizable examples are when the word â€Å"oil† sounds like â€Å"earl† and â€Å"toilet† sounds like â€Å"terlet†, although this practice has shown a sharp decline over the generations. Another characteristic of European influence on the New York accent is the word â€Å"youse†. It is very ra re to hear this outside of New York, and it is thought to be Italian influenced because there is a plural â€Å"you† in the Italian language but there is not in English. The New York accent also receives some influence from the Yiddish (Jewish) language, introducing the intrusive â€Å"G†. There is no soft â€Å"G† in Yiddish like there is in English, so the â€Å"ing† sound becomes â€Å"ink† (Tannen, 1981). For example, â€Å"seeing† is pronounced â€Å"seeink†, and â€Å"doing† is pronounced â€Å"doink†. Yiddish syntax is also different than in English, so it’s possible to hear phrases (in the New York accent) like â€Å"a genius, he isn’t.† New York City is a melting pot of different cultures, immigrating from all over the world over the years. The origins of the New York City accent are diverse, and the source of many features is probably not recoverable. William Labov has pointed out that many features were originally found in southern England as mentioned above. He also claims that the vocalization and subsequent loss of â€Å"r† was copied from the prestigious London pronunciation, and so it started among the upper classes in New York and later spread to other socioeconomic classes. So it has been reasonably concluded that the New York Accent originated in and was â€Å"brought† here from London, in the simplest terms of explanation. In the 1800’s, all major cities on the Eastern seaboard began to copy the British pronunciation; saying â€Å"caah† instead of â€Å"car† and not pronouncing that final â€Å"r† as a consonant. New York did not imitate London directly. There wer e quite a few changes in the vowels so that the New York City accent and dialect began to branch off in its own direction, while still drawing major influence from the London pattern of â€Å"r-less† speech. The East Coast is referred to as the â€Å"r-less corridor† by linguists, and other coastal cities have accents with features in common with New York, like Boston and Charleston, S.C. Those cities were settled around the same time, and the speakers came from a certain place, South London, using a specific sounding type of British English. It can’t quite be determined when the other prominent features melded into the accent we know today. After the British, the next generation of European immigrants to New York City (Irish, Germans, Jews, Eastern Europeans, Russians, and Italians) contributed their own respective features. The New York accent is less a result of which particular city or borough the speaker is from, than which country that one’s forebea rs are from. It has been a common misconception (even by New Yorkers) that accent was related to borough; that there was a Queen’s accent, or a Brooklyn accent, or a Manhattan accent. This is not really the case, as it would be whatever the lineage or ethnicity of the speaker was, like an Italian-New York accent, or Spanish-New York accent. The variations of the New York City accent are a result of layering ethnic speech with the influence from waves of immigration. Over time, the collective influences combined to give New York City (and surrounding areas) a distinct and recognizable accent. Sociolinguistic research, which is ongoing, suggests some differentiation between the accents of these groups may exist. There have been differences found in the rate and degree of speech of Italian-New Yorkers versus Jewish-New Yorkers (Mammen, 1936). The features of the New York accent from Irish origin are the most stigmatized, evidence being that those features have declined over the years. William Labov has argued that these differences are relatively minor. All European American groups share relevant and similar accent features of some kind. Many people who represent as Italian-American speak â€Å"New Yorkese†, Labov says, no matter where they live. Labov gave this example: â€Å"In Philadelphia, an r-pronouncing city, there’s a certain amount of r-lessness among Italian-Americans.† (Virginia, 2010) There are neighborhoods throughout the city that are predominantly a specific ethnic group, but they are not limited to any one borough so the accent cannot be classified that way. As can be taken from earlier in this essay, some of the other variations of the New York accent are Irish, Yiddish, even Russian and Arabic. So essentially, the New York accent is a product of evolution, ethnic roots, and immigration. Over the many years, there have been a myriad of varying responses to the New York accent. These reactions have been personal for New Yorkers, or even present in society via the portrayal of the accent in media (movies, television, etc.). In a study done on language and social strata, Labov wrote The term linguistic self-hatred is not too extreme to apply.† People from New York and New Jersey described their own speech as â€Å"distorted,† â€Å"sloppy† and â€Å"horrible.† (Virginia, 2010) Some New Yorkers even go so far as to take classes to lose or â€Å"unlearn† their accents. Labov also found (in separate interviews) that only one third of New Yorkers liked their accent and most were under the impression that the other Americans dislike the accent in general (Tierney, 1995). Many professional-class New Yorkers from high socioeconomic backgrounds often make a concentrated effort to speak with less conspicuous accents for this reason and in order to be taken seriously; in particular, many use rhotic pronunciations instead of the characteristic New York non-rhotic pronunciations, while maintaining some of the less stigmatized features of the accent. However, the common association of the New York accent with the working and middle class has also, since the latter half of the 20th century, warranted many upper class New Yorkers to refrain from speaking with a New York accent. Because of the accent’s humbler origins, generations of parents hoping their children would grow up to be doctors or lawyers and get out of â€Å"the neighborhood†, encouraged their children to leave it behind, deeming is lower class, ethnic, or crude. The New York accent has also often been associated with negative stereotypes, such as mobster, gangsters, criminals, and thugs. Portrayal of the accent in kind of a negative light (such as in television shows and movies) has made New Yorkers self-aware of their accents and not in a good way. T he accent was even somewhat unpopular in Colonial times. People did not want to sound like New Yorkers, so the accent didn’t spread like others did but remained nearly exclusive to New York City, and parts of New Jersey and Long Island. But there are two sides to this coin, as some New Yorkers wear and project their accents with pride, pride that comes with being from New York City. And there is hope for media, maybe instead of erasing longstanding regional and social distinctions, television will help preserve them (Virginia, 2010). Outside, the accent used to be stigmatized, but inside of New York City, its a positive thing. Being from New York matters, and people need to convey that message, and one way for them to convey that is through language (Bortolot, 2011). Up until 1945, it was considered distinguished to drop the â€Å"r†. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, on his radio addresses: â€Å"We have nothing to fe-ah but fe-ah istelf.† After World War II however, Americans stopped considering British English to be quite so prestigious. But the classic New York City accent is fading away. It has been mocked and stereotyped to the point that it has fallen out of favor in the majority. Contrary to the popular impression that accents are disappearing, sociolinguists say regional accents are remaining quite distinct even as they change. Renà ©e Blake (a socio-cultural linguistics professor at NYU, specializing in New York City English) says that â€Å"while the New York accent will never die, the meaning of the accent continues to evolve as the city does.† Accent is an aspect of evolution (Quinlan, 2013). In conclusion, where did the famous and recognizable New York City accent come from? Well, in essence it came from the people. From the native New Yorkers who chose to sound different. But it is not a difficult stretch to find out that the accent originated in London. Since the British colonized America, I’m sure it could be argued that all of the native accents in America were originally were derived from British. But many of the characteristic sounds present in the New York accent can be traced back to their British counterparts with ease. However, as it turns out, there is more than one aspect of what makes up the New York City accent. The other main piece of the puzzle is ethnic roots or lineage. There are different varieties of the New York City accent that are based on ethnicity, due to the city’s long standing reputation as the gateway to America, a true melting pot of people and cultures. There are Italian-New Yorkers, Spanish-New Yorkers, and Yiddish-New Yorker s that all have a unique sound all their own. That was just to name a few, but the list of different types of accents in New York City could go on for a significant time. Or maybe it couldn’t, because there are a growing number of New Yorkers that have developed distaste for the way that they sound and wish to change their accents. While some New Yorkers have no problem with their accent or wield it proudly, a majority of them are looking down upon it so it has begun to fade out. But the accent will never die out and no matter how many habits New Yorkers consciously unlearn, they will still unconsciously say some things differently from the rest of the country (Tierney, 1995). Many New Yorkers are proud of their unique sound; it continues to be spoken widely in the city today, even without strong class distinctions. The accent has many curious phonological features which stand out when compared to other accents. These features show how the accent has evolved into a unique typ e of speech which reflects the New York speakers and their citys history. New Yorkers with different backgrounds have continuously and will continue to shape their accents according to their needs; this process of change will never stop as long as the accent continues to be used. Conversely, it remains to be seen whether the negative attitudes of those from other parts of the United States towards New York City speech will change in the future, and whether New Yorkers will continue to cherish the traditional, unique features of their accent. It is a strong symbol to and of New York City. And while some look down on the accent, there are just as many who see their speech and accent as an integral part of the city’s identity. Thus, although New York City speech has a rather bad reputation within the America, it is still valued and cherished by its speakers. Perhaps it is precisely this infamy that has partly caused the accent to be widely used and preserved among New Yorkers. I t’s also a New York state of mind; they rebel, consciously or unconsciously, against the beliefs of the majority. Regardless, the accent is permanently ingrained in and connected to the thriving metropolis and will continue to grow and change as New York City does itself. References: Quinlan, Heather. (Writer/Director). (2013). If These Knishes Could Talk: The Story of the New York Accent [Documentary]. USA: Canvas Kid Production Company. Tannen, D. (1981). New York Jewish Conversational Style. International Journal Of The Sociology Of Language, 1981(30), 133-149. Virginia,H. (2010). Points of Entry Speech Therapy. New York Times Magazine, 20. Mammen, E. W., Sonkin, R. (1936). A STUDY OF ITALIAN ACCENT. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 22(1), 1. You talkin to me?. (1995). Discover, 16(9), 27. Skinner, D. (2007). QUEENS ENGLISH. Weekly Standard, 12(33), 4. Bortolot, L. (2011, August 12). You Tawkin to New Yawk?. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424053111903918104576502373235185388?KEYWORDS=renee+blakemg=reno64-wsjurl=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903918104576502373235185388.html?KEYWORDS=renee+blake Tierney, J. (1995, January 22). THE BIG CITY; Can We Talk?. The New York Times Archives. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/22/magazine/the-big-city-can-we-talk.html Roberts, S. (2010, November 19). Unlearning to Tawk Like a New Yorker. The New York Times. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/nyregion/21accent.html?pagewanted=all Green, R. (2012). English with an accent: language, ideology and discrimination in the United States (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

Literature Review on IT architecture

Literature Review Abstract The research is all about the use of information system in the organizations. There are many tools which are helpful in managing the whole organization. The business environment is getting highly competitive and many organizations are making strategies to grab the market share. A company was selected in order to understand the scenario. A conceptual frames work was developed in the mind to present the problem. The IBM organization was selected to conduct the research. Literature review presents the important theories and concepts along with the importance of he information system in organization.The introduction of the research was done by analyzing the problem which organization face because of the information. Literature suggested many systems which can improve the processes of the organizations. There are many other systems which can increase the performance infrastructure of service quality. The literature was extracted from different articles which imp roved the report. The report has many suggestions for the organizations. The study of this report can give solution to many problems which the company faced in the current scenario.The comparison was done in the later part of the report and the scenario and literature was matched in order to find loopholes in the system and to provide solution to incapability. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Literature Analysis 4 Current practice section 7 Comparison of Literature and current practice 10 Conclusion 11 References Literature 12 References Current Practice 12 Introduction Enterprise architecture is the process in which operation and structure of an organization is defined. The intention in the process is to achieve future and current objectives.One of the most agreed upon viewpoint is where business perspective, applications perspective, information perspective and technology perspective is part of the future objectives a company is likely to foresee. The use of enterprise architectur e includes properly documented processes, systems, infrastructure and applications. This assignment briefly discusses various theories of enterprise architecture particularly at the strategic level and thus explains the theory with a practical example which further glorifies the literature review.Literature Analysis The evolution of the enterprise information system and management is the core responsibility of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) of the company. The CIO information processing and decision making is aided by the technique or process known as Enterprise Architecture. A model based planning and management approach to evaluate management wise information system is called enterprise architecture. The complexity of business supporting system and its significance has been addressed in this enterprise architectural approach.The planning and problem information system is under the responsibility of the Chief Information Officer (CIO). Thus, it can be rightly stated that enter prise architecture is the best way to aid decision making of CIO (Stated et al. AAA). According to Eriksson and Pinker (2000), the importance of a good modeling framework should be emphasizes in the organization but the reason of choosing one model over the other is ambiguous. As a basic question, the model should be able to answer the questions pertaining to the reasons it is designed for.The enterprise architecture is successful in answering the question. The dilemma is to explore the probable questions the model is able to answer. In the enterprise architecture model it is possible to come across the questions of why and how of using the framework or model. In order to mitigate the risk involved, organizations can simply produce more than one model to select the most adequate one. Analysis of the enterprise architectures The decision making as followed by CIO can help in studying the architectural analysis model.The first step is to formulate scenario, the need to recognize the o ptions available to the CIO is the foremost step in order to foresee the information system of an organization. The possible future states of the company can be conjured by performing this step. The next step is to determine the criteria to decide upon; in this step criteria allow CIO to set a benchmark to evaluate different models. One of the important questions needed in setting the criteria are to find out business support, IT security and availability. In this paper, architectural theory or criteria is used to evaluate the model.After setting the criteria the next step is to analyze scenario, in which case one of the criteria is selected to evaluate both models and then so on and so forth. Stated et al. (AAA) explain that next, the firm undertakes the selection of the scenario where process selection of the model takes place on the Asia of the chosen criteria and the support offer to the decision making of CIO. Stated et al. (AAA) further elaborates stating that the birth of the enterprise architecture took place twenty years ago and designed to address two problems poor business alignment and system complexity.In poor business alignment the problem of IT system to align it with the cost is addressed. Kanji, H. And Burns, P. (2011) add that in system complexity entails the need to develop IT systems. The basic idea is to serve the organization with less cost involved but providing more value and utility. However, according to the theory of Stated et al. (AAA), the complexity and cost of these IT systems implemented in the organization have dramatically emphasized by now globally whereas the real value derived from the systems have decreased. Kanji, H. And Burns, P. 2011) stresses that the giant organizations fail to ignore such problems therefore the field of enterprise architecture is powerfully prophetic in the world today. Some methodologies of enterprise architecture are widely used in the world today however the large field makes use of mainly four me thodologies. According to Kanji and Burns (201 1), the taxonomy is given another name to the work of Coachman and is termed as the first methodology of the Enterprise architecture (EAI). Another methodology known as the Open Group Architectural Framework (TOGA) is more precisely or accurately defined as the process.The Federal Enterprise Architecture is defined as a method of creating enterprise architecture and thus also known as proscriptive methodology. The practice of architectural enterprise is known as the Gardner methodology. As articulated by Coachman (1982), the Canaan framework for enterprise is recognized s a framework which is contrary to the definition of the framework. The framework is defined as something that serves as a skeleton structure for construction. The second name given to the approach of Coachman is taxonomy and by definition it is a classification in ordered systems of organisms to give a natural relationship.The Coachman framework is in simple ways taxono my and organizing of architectural artifacts for instance models, documents and specifications. According to Coachman (1982), the enterprise manufacturing and engineering is around for more than thousand years and will remain for longer. However Kanji and Burns (2011) stress that the understanding of the process is changed with respect to time. The Canaan is the most frequently used technique in large firms due to ease of application and best responses. It is also desirable to cater for necessary complexities of the system design while Enterprise Architecture.Kanji and Burns (2011) also support the Open Group Architecture Framework (GOFF) which is which primarily used within four categories namely business architecture, application architecture, data architecture and technical architecture. The business recess to meet the desired goals is described in the business architecture. The designing of the application and their probable interaction is studied under application architecture. The access and organizing of the data store is termed under data architecture.Finally technical structure talks about the hardware and software to cater for application and access (Stated et al. , 2004). Kanji and Burns (2011) also explain the Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEE) which is done to amalgamate ubiquitous and functions under enterprise architecture. But Moms (2007) contends stating that this new methodology apparently s in the infancy stage so no noticeable work can be seen in the organization and there is not much talk about its failure. The last methodology employed in the Enterprise architecture (EAI) is Gardner.It is the practice rather than a process of an IT and research consulting organization Gardner. Literature Analysis summary The Enterprise Architecture is more of a theory than any thing practical. Above some methodologies are stated that shows different approaches to the EAI and can be studied when considering different perspective. It can also vary with r espect to the difference in opinion or difference in practice. These four approaches may be used by Giant Corporations to address different engineering, business and manufacturing issues.The large corporations are entitled to use complex systems which necessitate such EAI methodologies. Current practice section The implementation of the architectural enterprise is not resulted from designing the software or relating it with different business units. The organization itself along with processes affected must be changed sometimes in order to show flexibility and competency in the business functions. IBM has used EAI model in the multi-brand enterprise and multi divisional enterprise. The purpose of this model is to enhance the debate and sharing among the top executives within organization.It is also designed to reach at a common goal by ignoring most of the differences and reaching to the potential outcome. The global system practices are avoided by the corporations if the intended o utcome is local profit and loss only. In multi-local enterprises where P&L are regarded as the parameters to measure performance and that other performance measure are nonexistent. In this way two avenues left open for such kind of EAI. The first that change in the incentive system is needed to address the issue. In this way enterprise sharing of resource or enterprise integration can be enhanced which was much needed at MOM.The EAI system as employed in the IBM is based on four consenting I. E. Shared identity and purpose, common bonds of performance, shared knowledge and shared infrastructure. These elements when used together can help in integrating the organization with its functions (Gravesend, 2012). Figure 1 . Four factors necessary for integrating the organization Source: Adapted from Shoal S. And Grafton L. â€Å"Integrating the Enterprise. † MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall 2002, and Well P. , Suburban's M. , and Broadband M. IT Infrastructure for Strategic Agility . MIT Center for Information Systems Research Working Paper No. 329, April 2002 The CIO organization or IBM business transmission integrates all the business units across geographies and transform strategic business priorities into initiatives of transformation. The company is entitled for maintaining IT Landscape as per the strategic roadman provided. According to Gravesend (2012), any organization does require strategic planning. It provides them the leverage to enhance their capabilities and gives them a direction. There are many aspects of planning which collectively make a strategic plan.Strategic planning helps keep focus on the area that is most responsible for boosting the profit levels and overall performance of organization. Since it leads organization to be focused it automatically makes organization polish its skills that are more required in running the business in an efficient and effective way. Innovation and new offerings are always very important for any company to increase its sales. Variety in new products is the obvious way but the manager must work on the execution of the issuance of new product because most of the times poorly executed new offering perform poorly ND they end up in big losses.The basic need to implement EAI in the organization focused on the provision of the information and successful strategies in order to feed in the data before hand. This information should be sufficient enough for both stakeholders I. E. Team designing the software as well the top managers making use of the information stored. In order to address loop holes in the system, a best- practice approach must be used in the system. The imposed system should be open to any kind of re purposing and time should be saved by doing re purposing instead of re-inventing.Secondly, it is desirable that system provides future state of the IT landscape along with existing risk and cost analysis. One way of getting growth is to take full advantage of learning curve and ut ilizing economies of scale. Learning curve makes you more efficient in your production process. It tells you how to fully utilize your resources. Economies of scales help in reduction of average cost because of factors like managerial specialization and buying power. Strategic implementation is an ongoing process of an organization's plans which they made in order to survive and to earn profit for a longer period of time.It consists of series of action plans which are integrated to each other. Strategic implementation of the plans which were proposed for the extension and growth are very vital. The long term strategy can help them create a loyal customer and to get more profitable branches which can earn profit for at least five years. The implementation of EAI is found successful in the organization and supports the business functions across geographies. The Enterprise architecture used in the IBM is supported by Coachman methodology. His model is based on the integration of the or ganization which is clearly addressed in this section (lbs., 2013).Comparison of Literature and current practice Literature has enlightened many aspects of the information which can help any organization to prosper. The problem which they are facing is that they do not use any information system which integrates the employees. They are lacking in the internal information. According to literature there are many tools which will help the organization to increase their productivity. Software like management information system, decision support system and others can help to improve the information flow within the organization.The current situation is that they are losing customers because of the service delivery time. Information system will align all the departments and will provide the information about the customer which will increase the overall flow of information. Literature suggests that internal and external flow of information is very important for all the organization. Stakeho lders must be contacted in decision making process. Decision support system integrates all the stakeholders and provides the best possible solution to any business scenario.Internal information with the organization must be improved and transaction recessing system will be helpful to record all the business transactions. It was found in literature that information and feedback from employees and customer is very important and many organizations lose their customers because of this issue. Conclusion The report provides many aspects and after analyzing the literature and the other aspect it was found that companies must include information system in their system. It was found that communication with stakeholders is very important for any organization.They are the pillar of organization and help to build the reputation of NY organization. Organizations must contact different stakeholders and must take their views about the problems they are facing. The other dimensions which were found that management information system, decision support system and other systems are enhancing the capabilities of the organization. In service industry, the most important part is service delivery and these information systems are contributing to increase the performance. Internal and external sources of information are found very important for the organizations and they help to analyze the need of customer.

Challenges in International Business

GunungRapatHiongPiahSdn. Bhd. (579801-M) PHYSICAL CHALLENGES Since the Gunung Rapat Hiong Piah Sdn. Bhd. is responsible for the food manufacturing, wholesale distribution, and export of Yee Hup products, it is facing physical challenges in international business on products, workforce and even physical distribution challenges. For the products challenge, it may face the problem on warranty since there are no warranty available for this products. Everyone is know about the Yee Hup is a local business in Malaysia and it needs to spend certain of time to export such products to oversea such as Southeast Asia, Oceania, Middle East, Eastern Asia and Western Europe. When the products are on the way shipping to the particular country, it may has the probability to encounter damage such as crushes because of the unpredictable cases and it is unrealized since the biscuits are packaging in a package, but even in a carton size. The Yee Hup biscuits are selling to the customers without realized that the products are crushes and the customers are not available to get the warranty or compensation after they bought the products. It considered a challenge of this company because on the customers’perception, no warranty offered is bring the meaning that the company has no confident on their own products. Since the ‘customers are always right’, Yee Hup may lose the sales because of the products deficiency. For the workforce challenge, although the company is almost full automated in the production process, skilled staffs are still needed. For example, retail assistants as Yee Hup required such retail assistant with previous retail experience because the full trainingis not necessary will be provided. In this case, Yee Hup is facing the shortage of workforce although the labor market is enough large. Moreover, the number of R&D staff is merely less than five people. It becomes the stones in designing products since people are more pay attention in packaging nowadays. And lastly is about the physical distribution challenge. It is talking about what transportation is using by the company to move a large volume of products to other countries. It simple means that handling, movement, and storage of goods from the point of origin to the point of consumption or use, via various channels of distribution. Since one of the responsibility of GunungRapatHiongPiahSdn. Bhd. is wholesaledistribution and export of Yee Hup products, if the products failure to reach the destination within a fixed time, the company have to blamed for it. SOCIAL CHALLENGES How Yee Hup going to expand its target market consider as a social challenge. For example, age and gender. Since ‘HiongPiah’ is a famous products of Yee Hup with a long established reputation, majority of youth in local still do not know on this famous products,even thoughin global market. Yee Hup has to solve the problem on difference age group. How Yee Hup is going to change the youth customers’ perception since they feel that‘HiongPiah’ is traditional Chinese snacks, no tasty and the outlooks are not attractive? For the old generation, how Yee Hup is going to attract them to buy such sticky products? COMPETITIVE CHALLENGES Khong Guan and Mr. Christie are the main competitors to Yee Hup. Khong Guan is one of the most well known Malaysian cookie brand in Canada. The Khong Guan organization spans South East Asia and exports its cookies around the world. Khong Guan manufactures a wide range of cookies and as a result its products have become a popular demand in supermarkets. Khong Guan would pose a risk to Yee Hup’s product lines because Khong Guan is a well established brand which means they have established a mass market clientele. Mr. Christie is a well known Western brand in Canada which poses a risk to Yee Hup’s product lines. Many customers might consider eating a Western cookie rather than an Asian cookie since some consumers are not familiar with this type of product and might be hesitant to try something new. This could lead to less sales of the product.